The Education System in Saudi Arabi - 1093 Words

The education system in Saudi Arabia Education in Saudi Arabia is segregated by sex and divided into three separately administered systems: general education for boys, education for girls and traditional Islamic education (for boys). The Ministry of Education, established in 1952, presides over general education for boys, and education for girls comes under the jurisdiction of the General Presidency for Girls Education. Both sexes follow the same curriculum and take the same annual examinations. Islamic education trains Saudi boys to become members of the Ulema (religious clergy). The religious secondary school curriculum includes the general academic secondary school curriculum but focuses primarily on Islamic and Arabic studies.†¦show more content†¦As previously noted, universities in Saudi Arabia offer two types of education: traditional Islamic and Western-oriented. The Islamic University of Medinah and Imam Muhammad bin Saud Islamic University focus on Islamic law, Quranic studies, Arabic language and social sciences. UNIVERSITY HIGHER EDUCATION: Programs and Degrees Stage I: The baccaloreus degree generally takes four years, except in pharmacy and medicine, which require four years plus clinical training, and engineering and veterinary medicine, both of which require five years. Medicine studies last eight years, and the qualification conferred is the doctor of medicine. Stage II: In most universities, the darajat al majisteer (masters degree) is awarded after two years of additional study beyond the first degree. However, King Saud University offers a one-year postgraduate program at this level leading to the general diploma in education. The masters degree is awarded in economics, business and public administration, accountancy, engineering, arts and humanities, marine sciences, science, earth sciences, meteorology, environment and arid-land agricultural science. Islamic law, Arabic and social sciences require three years of study. A thesis is required for all programs offered at this level. Stage III: The doctorate, known as the doctoorah, takes a minimum of three years following the masters degree. Candidates must submit aShow MoreRelatedContext For Teaching And Learning994 Words   |  4 Pagesthere is an standirezed for the 3rd graders only. The students take in Spring for Math and Science. I wonder about the tension on the students, teachers and parents about the test. Is it about passing? or Is it about teaching the children to form an education. It is a Pre-K classroom the lessons were practically normal. The instructions in a paper billboard. The teacher gave the instructions in English. While the lesson was developing the teacher sarted to speak in Spanish if it was necessary. HoweverRead MoreFLIGHTLESS: An Analysis of the Immobility of Saudi Arabian Women1364 Words   |  6 Pages How this communicate women oppression and the basis for such denouement will now undertake a focal point in the course of this study. In 2001, Saudi Arabi ratified the UN Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) which defined discrimination in the following terms: Any distinction, exclusion or restriction made on the basis of sex which has the effect or purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by women, irrespectiveRead MoreSaudi Arabia’s Military: the Social Aspects of the Kingdom’s Armed Forces6871 Words   |  28 PagesRunning Head: SAUDI ARABIA Saudi Arabia’s Military: The Social Aspects of the Kingdom’s Armed Forces Introduction For a land with such a long history of military conquests, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has a relatively short one. Strategic movements by the House of Saud in the 1800s started the birth of the Kingdom, and the military has quickly transformed from a tribal militia to a regional super-power. However, Saudi Arabia is not without its faults. In this paperRead MoreTerrorism : A Comparison Of Al Shabaab And Boko Haram Terrorist Networks2744 Words   |  11 Pages ...we know that a specific personality profile that characterize a terrorist does not exist; terrorists come in all shapes and forms psychologically speaking. We also know that situational factors such as poverty, political oppression, or poor education are not the root causes of terrorism, though both personality and situation can contribute to terrorism in some circumstances†(p.560). Trying to solve the riddle of what motivates terrorist, several voices with differing opinion have posited thatRead MoreEssay on Isla mic Societys Treatment of Women4405 Words   |  18 Pagesmillion adherents. Women constitute about half of that population. However, it is important to note that this paper examines the treatment of women in the strongholds of the Islamic domain. These populations include the Arab countries of Saudi Arabi, Syria, Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Turkey, Jordan, Kuwait, Yemen, Israel, Oman, and Lebanon. Muslim women of the African countries of Sudan, Libya, Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia are also weighed in this analysis. In addition Read MoreThe Challenges and Obstacles of Tqm Implementation in the Higher Education Institutions11985 Words   |  48 Pagesobstacles of TQM Implementation in the Higher Education Institutions: The Case of Sharjah University in UAE Dr Abdel Moneim M. B. AHMED Bashar I. HAMDOON By WP-0102062007 1 The challenges and obstacles of TQM Implementation in the Higher Education Institutions: The Case of Sharjah University in UAE By Dr Ahmed and Hamdoon e-TQM College Working Paper Series WP- 0102062007 The Challenges and obstacles of TQM Implementation in the Higher Education Institutions: The Case of Sharjah University inRead More Chechnya and its People Essay5500 Words   |  22 PagesLieven has commented on Shamil: Basing his rule theologically on Islamic law, and practically on the ability of his Murid-Led forces to terrorise backsliders and traitors, Shamil did his best to create a functioning Islamic administration, through a system of ‘naibs’, or local governors, ruling on the basis of the Shariah. From first to last, however, Shamil’s rule remained intensely personal, and he was plagued by the dubious, loyalty of many of the regions and clans following him. Often, control couldRead MoreFreedom of Speech, Comparing Freedom of Expression in the Statutory Law and the Sharia Law19992 Words   |  80 Pagesteachings of the Holy Qur’an and the Holy Sunnah, which are related to the details of life, are taken by Muslims as acts of law. When there is a Muslim ruler, he is able to follow up the implementation of this law through an independent judiciary system. Where there is no such ruler, Muslims must try to implement these acts personally as much as possible, and no on e has the right to implement them on the general or in a non-Islamic State by force. After reading a number of these books, I really

Lab And Using The Result Of The Chemiluminescence Reaction

In this experiment, luminol was synthesized in the lab and used to demonstrate the result of the chemiluminescence reaction. Introduction: In criminal shows shown on television, almost common in every show are investigators inspecting crime scenes. Often when we see investigators looking for some form of a bodily fluid at a crime scene, they spray some liquid and then use a black light over the area. If bodily fluids are present, then the area appears to glow. The substance that they are spraying from the bottle is in fact luminol, and the glow that is observed is from a chemiluminescent reaction. The blood illuminates because of iron in the hemoglobin. Iron serves as the catalyst for the chemiluminescent reaction and causes it to glow . Chemiluminescence is the release of light without heat due to a chemical reaction. The release of light is from bonds that are broken, formed, or restructured2. A similar process, known as fluorescence, also produces an illumination. This chemical process on the other hand, gets its energy for light from the absorbance and release of light at different frequencies. . Experimental Proce dure: To a 5 mL conical vial with a spin vane, 5-nitro-2, 3-dihydrophthalazine-1, 4-dione (.151 grams) was added. Next, sodium hydroxide (2 mL, 3M) was added to the conical vial and stirred until a reddish brown color was obtained. The addition of sodium hydrosulfite (.254 grams) followed, and the sides of the conical vial wereShow MoreRelatedDescription Of The s Exchange Principle1257 Words   |  6 Pagesfootwear prints made in blood. Once a good quality examination photo is taken, the print is then usually treated with Leuco Crystal Violet (LCV) spray at the crime scene for better development and visualisation and then, if possible taken back to the lab for further analysis with Amido Black methanol/glacial acetic formulation or other chemicals (2,4). The LCV treated impression is photographed as the impressions are enhanced providing more detailed patterns, before further treatment is carried outRead MoreNitric Oxide On Oxygen Levels1598 Words   |  7 Pagesdemographics are recorded statistically using ANOVA and Student’s t-test. In comparison to find out possible gender effects, at least 33% of the volunteer subjects were women in Dr. Kambis’ laboratory. In the articles that explore hypoxia in metabolism and vasoactivity the proposed research is important to expand the responses to various levels under certain conditions. In addition, when the organism is familiarized with the testing after a couple of trials using the equipment, it will rest. FactorsRead MoreForensics of Blood3495 Words   |  14 Pagesto reveal the remaining traces of blood. Luminol is a chemical that displays chemiluminescence when combined with a suitable oxidizing agent. Luminol is a presumptive test that can detect traces of blood left at the scene of the crime, even after cleaning the area. After spraying luminol, in a darkened room, the luminol will react with the iron in the hemoglobin of the blood which catalyzes the luminescence. This reaction causes the emission of a blue glow lasting for approximately 30 seconds. AlthoughRead MoreEssay On Phencyclidine4300 Words   |  18 PagesDiego, CA, USA). The motion sensors recorded voltage changes in arbitrary units (mV) that were displayed on the computer controlling the delivery of acoustic stimuli through loudspeakers above the plastic cylinders. These sensors were calibrate d using the SR-LAB Standardization Unit (San Diego Instruments, San Diego, CA, USA). The background sound level (70  dB) and calibration of the acoustic stimuli was confirmed with a digital sound level meter (RadioShack, Fort Worth, TX, USA). Startle pulse was set

Financial Accounting Theory for Water Partners Firm- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theFinancial Accounting Theory for Water Partners Firm. Answer: I hereby wish to tender my application for the position of a graduate trainee in this esteemed consultancy firm pursuant to the early advertisement made regarding the post. I am an Australian nationalist of sound mind who possess solid education background, high level of professionalism, experience and great urge of the sense of belonging to the companys interest. Regarding education status, I wish to state that, I am graduate with Bachelor of Accounting major with first class honor Ferguson(2008.Pg 12). I have likewise partaken professional courses the likes of Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA) and that of Chartered Financial Analyst(CFA) Hawthorne(2016.Pg 25).The aforesaid academic and professional courses pursued has equipped me with accounting and finance knowledge as well as analytical skills that I am willing to practical tender and nurture it at Water Partners Consultancy Firm. The fact that Water Partners core objective is delivering sound advisory services to clients a tremendous value of information delivered is always expected to certify assure and boost the quality value of the advice. It is this expectation that the parties involved in delivering the information are seen an expected to be of strong communicative skills whether via writing or by word of mouth. The professional and intellectual expectation required for this graduate position has made me confidently attest that I worth the chance and I can flexibly work with the firm since I fit to serve all clients of different language diversity due to my fluent communicative speaking and writing skills in English, French, Espanola, German and finally Swahili Gray(2010.Pg 50). I further wish to notify the firm that is equipped with the sign language skills thus can likewise reach the less fortunate with hearing and talking despair. I, therefore, wish to assure Water Partners firm that if considered I will professionally be delivering information to clients in an ethical manner with the mind of customer satisfaction since at long last the customer stands to be the boss. I also look forward if considered to sell the firms consultancy services in a simple, precise, transparent and accountable manner by use of excellent verbal and written communication skill to all clients without favor or fear Singh(2008.Pg 40). Water Partner accounting services just like other consultancy services it involves the wide spectrum of activities that are some accommodative others challenging some solvable some not but the epicenter of all is how to identify this problem, sail through it via critical analysis process so as to provide the solution to the problem. With this expectation in mind, Water Partner has gotten high skilled problem identifier personnel who use all the available resources to effectively analyze all the aspects relating to the problem and outline possible effective solution that ought to be implemented. At Water Partner consultancy firm problem-solving techniques should be as per AASB, IFRS, IAS, ISA, ATO as well as other set standards in place. As concerning the same issue of critical thinking and problem solving solution I wish to notify the firm that has exercised this in my past employment where I was working as an intern in charge for a hospitality industry at Southern California hence had to solve emerging issue that came my way especially on food and beverage control Kotler(2006.Pg 25). Although the matter on cost control seemed dynamic in nature and that which did not have specific solution to it thus allowance for the need to identify and handle individual problems at their prevailing current state I managed to navigate through the situation and can tell you for free that I have been moulded by the experience at that industry hence able to effectively identify and solve problem at the appropriate time without mishaps. Water Partner services by virtual of it being accounting it involve activities whose offer are bound to time frames hence exist the need to meet deadlines to avoid penalties and disclosure. My experience as a cost controller taught me on how to manage my time as well as how to approach large volume of work and its completion within stipulated deadlines Katz(2009.Pg 7). I, therefore, wish to alert the Water Partner that am able to meet deadlines under minimum supervision without compromising work standards hence an assurance to the firm that all your returns and submission if considered will be all done in time hence no penalization or suspension expected. Finally, I wish to embark on the fact that no man is an island especially in this field of accounting whereby reports and functions interrelate hence each one needs one other.It is from this that I think I possess good team player traits and interpersonal skills to diverse in this firm and of course nurture my fellow colleagues skills as well as facilitation of smooth operations in the firm Crawford(2013.Pg 40). If considered for the graduate position I wish to notify the firm that I will just be extending the great teamwork trait and activities the likes of holding parties, sharing soccer and soft games that I introduced at hospitality industry simply because I saw its fruit on the company performance as well as inter employee relation Schaufeli(2007.Pg 177). I conclude by urging the recruiting team to consider me for the opportunity since all the aforesaid explanation on my traits and qualification accords me the better background for the position. Kind Regards, Your Job Seeker. References Crawford, E.R. and Lepine, J.A., 2013. A configural theory of team processes: Accounting for the structure of taskwork and teamwork. Academy of Management Review, 38(1), pp.32-48. Ferguson, J., Collison, D., Power, D. and Stevenson, L., 2008. An analysis of the role of the textbook in the construction of accounting knowledge. Gray, F.E., 2010. Specific oral communication skills desired in new accountancy graduates. Business communication quarterly, 73(1), pp.40-67. Hawthorne, L., 2016. Labour market outcomes for migrant professionals: Canada and Australia compared. Katz, J.A. and Green, R.P., 2009. Entrepreneurial small business (Vol. 200). McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Kotler, P., Bowen, J.T., Makens, J.C. and Baloglu, S., 2006. Marketing for hospitality and tourism (Vol. 893). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice hall. Schaufeli, W. and Salanova, M., 2007. Work engagement. Managing social and ethical issues in organizations, 135, p.177. Singh, G.K.G. and Singh, S.K.G., 2008. Malaysian graduates employability skills. UNITAR e-Journal, 4(1), pp.15-45.

The Outsiders Essays (385 words) - A Day No Pigs Would Die, Pinky

The Outsiders A Day No Pigs Would Die Robert Newton Peck The book took place in rural Vermont with a young Shaker boy named Rob Peck. The novel was basically about this boy going through joyful and trying times in his youth, and his friendship with his pet pig named Pinky. Robert Peck was the main character, he was loving towards Pinky and he was obedient,( he knew if he wasn't, he'd be in big trouble.) Throughout the book you could tell that his emotions were opening up more, now that he had a pet to love and take care of, yet he still held back some of his feelings. His father, Haven, was a good Shaker man and was a great neighbor. He cared for his son but was still stern in his own way, but he had to be, after all, he was a Shaker. Their neighbor, Benjamin Tanner, was grateful for Rob delivering ?The finest oxen in the county.? Pinky was a gift from Mr. Tanner. To show his appreciation, he pulled out a pig from underneath his jacket and gave it to Rob. The theme of the book was traveling from boyhood to manhood and how quickly it came about. Through the short time the book took place, Rob turned from a boy into the man he is now. I think the first turning point was the death of Pinky and how he reacted towards that. The second instance was the death of his father and how he took it so well and even dug his father's grave. When pinky died, he had a conversation that showed him turning into a man. He said, ?Oh, Papa. My heart's broke.? ?So is mine,? said Papa. ?But I'm thankful you're a man.? The second passage in the book describing manhood, is after Haven killed Pinky and said, ?That's what being a man is all about, boy. It's just doing what's got to be done.? Overall I liked this book, however, I didn't like the beginning. The author described the pain so well that I cringed as I read the passage about Apron. I even felt sad about the dog getting weaseled. The book was written well and the story was good, but I'm just thankful that I didn't have to grow up that way. Bibliography none

English Renaissance Drama Essay Example

English Renaissance Drama Essay Example English Renaissance Drama Essay English Renaissance Drama Essay Essay Topic: The Bean Eaters Twelfth Night English Renaissance play grew out of the established Medieval tradition of the enigma and morality dramas. These public eyeglassess focused on spiritual topics and were by and large enacted by either choristers and monastics. or a town’s shopkeepers ( as subsequently seen fondly memorialized by Shakespeare’s mechanicals’ in A Midsummer Night’s Dream ) . At the terminal of the 15th century. a new type of drama appeared. These short dramas and revels were performed at baronial families and at tribunal. particularly at holiday times. These short amusements. called Interludes . started the move off from the didactic nature of the earlier dramas toward strictly secular dramas. and frequently added more comedy than was present in the medieval predecessors. Since most of these vacation revels were non documented and play texts have disappeared and been destroyed. the existent dating of the passage is hard. The first extant strictly secular drama. Henry Medwall’s Fulgens and Lucres. was performed at the family of Cardinal Morton. where the immature Thomas More was functioning as a page. Early Tudor interludes shortly grew more luxuriant. integrating music and dance. and some. particularly those by John Heywood. were to a great extent influenced by Gallic travesty. Not merely were dramas switching accent from learning to entertaining. they were besides easy altering focal point from the spiritual towards the political. John Skelton’s Magnyfycence ( 1515 ) . for illustration. while on the face of it resembling the mediaeval fable dramas with its characters of Virtues and Vices. was a political sarcasm against Cardinal Wolsey. Magnyfycence was so incendiary that Skelton had to travel into the sanctuary of Westminster to get away the wrath of Wolsey. The first history dramas were written in the 1530’s. the most noteworthy of which was John Bale’s King Johan. While it considered affairs of morality and faith. these were handled in the visible radiation of the Reformation. These dramas set the case in point of showing history in the dramatic medium and laid the foundation for what would subsequently be elevated by Marlowe and Shakespeare into the English History Play. or Chronicle Play. in the latter portion of the century. Not merely was the Reformation taking clasp in England. but the air currents of Classical Humanism were brushing in from the Continent. Interest grew in the classics and the dramas of classical antiquity. particularly in the universities. Latin texts were being Englysshed and Latin poesy and dramas began to be adapted into English dramas. In 1553. a headmaster named Nicholas Udall wrote an English comedy titled Ralph Roister Doister based on the traditional Latin comedies of Plautus and Terence. The drama was the first to present the Latin character type stat mis gloriosus ( braggart soldier ) into English dramas. honed to flawlessness subsequently by Shakespeare in the character of Falstaff. Around the same clip at Cambridge. the comedy Gammer Gurton’s Needle . perchance by William Stevens of Christ’s College. was diverting the pupils. It paid closer attending to the construction of the Latin dramas and was the first to follow the five-act division. Writers were besides developing English calamities for the first clip. influenced by Greek and Latin authors. Among the first forays into English calamity were Richard Edwards’ Damon and Pythias ( 1564 ) and John Pickering’s New Interlude of Vice Incorporating the History of Horestes ( 1567 ) . The most influential author of classical calamities. nevertheless. was the Roman playwright Seneca. whose plants were translated into English by Jasper Heywood. boy of dramatist John Heywood. in 1589. Seneca’s plays incorporated rhetorical addresss. blood and force. and frequently shades ; constituents which were to calculate conspicuously in both Elizabethan and Jacobean play. The first outstanding English calamity in the Senecan mold was Gorboduc ( 1561 ) . written by two attorneies. Thomas Sackville and Thomas Norton. at the Inns of Court ( schools of jurisprudence ) . Apart from following Senecan conventions and construction. the drama is most of import as the first English drama to be in clean poetry. Blank poetry. non-rhyming lines in iambic pentameter. was introduced into English literature by sonneteers Wyatt and Surrey in the 1530’s. Its usage in a work of dramatic literature paved the manner for Marlowe’s mighty line and the keen poesy of Shakespeare’s dramatic poetry. With a new swayer on the throne. Queen Elizabeth I. who enjoyed and encouraged the theatrical humanistic disciplines. the phase was set for the organic structure of dramatic literature we today name Elizabethan Drama. The Social and Political Climate In 1600. the metropolis of London had a population of 245. 000 people. twice the size of Paris or Amsterdam. Playwriting was the least personal signifier of authorship. but clearly the most profitable for literary work forces since the demand was so great: 15. 000 people attended the wendy houses hebdomadally. What is frequently exploited in the dramas is the tenseness between a Court civilization and a commercial civilization. which in bend reflected the tenseness between the City authorities and the Crown. The period from 1576 ( day of the month of the first public theater in London ) to 1642 ( day of the month that the Puritans closed the theaters ) is alone in its end product and quality of literature in English. The monarchy rested on two claims: that it was of godly beginning and that it governed by consent of the people. The period was one of great passage. This period of history is by and large regarded as the English Renaissance. which took topographic point about 100 old ages subsequently than on the continent. The period besides coincides with the Reformation. and the two epochs are of class reciprocally related. Imposed upon the Elizabethans was a societal hierarchy of order and degree- very much medieval constructs that existed more in signifier than in substance. The society of Shakespeare’s clip had in many ways broken free of these rigidnesss. It was non that people were rejecting the yesteryear ; instead. a new more stiff order was replacing the old. This was set into gesture during Henry VIII’s reign in the 1530s when he assumed more power than had hitherto been known to the monarchy. The Act of Supremacy of 1534 gave to Henry the power of the Church every bit good as temporal power. By Shakespeare’s clip the province had asserted its right in trying to derive authorization in secular and religious affairs likewise. The alleged Tudor myth had sought to warrant actions by the Crown. and choices for the monarchy. as God-sanctioned: to queer those determinations was to transgress. because these people were selected by God. The population of the City quadrupled from Henry VIII’s reign to the terminal of Shakespeare’s life ( 1616 ) . therefore adding to the necessity for civil control and jurisprudence. The disintegration of the monasteries had caused much civil agitation. and the homeless monastics and nuns had been forced to come in the work force. Thus the employment. or unemployment. job was severe. Puritanism. which foremost emerged early in Elizabeth’s reign. was a minority force of clerics. Members of Parliament. and others who felt that the Anglican Reformation had stopped abruptly of its end. Puritans used the Bible as a usher to carry on. non merely to faith. but to political and societal life. and since they could read it in their ain linguistic communication. it took on for them a greater importance than it had of all time held. They stressed peculiarly the thought of retrieving the Sabbath twenty-four hours. The struggle between the Puritans and the players of the theatre- who performed for the larger crowds that would turn out for productions on the Sabbath- was established early. The Elizabethan Worldview The English Renaissance began with the importing of Italian art and doctrine. Humanism. during the reign of Henry VIII. Henry Howard. Earl of Surrey. imported and translated classical Hagiographas. such as Virgil’s Aeneid. the first English work to utilize Blank Verse. Surrey and Sir Thomas Wyatt in their sonnets besides imitated classical authors such as Petrarch. and are credited as Fathers of the English Sonnet. While the Great Chain of Being ( an thought suggested from antiquity ; all that exists is in a created order. from the lowest possible class to flawlessness. God Himself ) was still asserted. the antonym. the world of upset. was merely as prevalent. Not surprisingly. a favourite metaphor in Shakespeare’s plants is the universe upside down. much as Hamlet nowadayss. The analogical manner was the predominating rational construct for the epoch. which was inherited from the Middle Ages: the analogical wont of head. with its correspondences. hierarchies. and microcosmic-macrocosmic relationships. survived from the Middle Ages to the Renaissance. Levels of being. including human and cosmic. were habitually correlated. and correspondences and resemblances were perceived everyplace. Man was a go-between between himself and the existence. An analogy of being likened adult male to God ; nevertheless. the Reformation sought to alter this position. stressing man’s fallen nature and darkness of ground. The analogy can be seen in the London theater. correlating the disparate planes of Earth ( the phase ) . snake pit ( the cellarage ) . and heaven ( the heavens. projecting above the top of the phase ) . Degree. precedence. and topographic point were afforded all elements. depending on their distance from flawlessness. God. Because he possessed both psyche and organic structure. adult male had a alone topographic point in the chain- the extremes of human potency are everyplace apparent in the play of the English Renaissance. Natural devolution. in contrast to our optimistic thought of advancement. was everyplace in grounds too- the crude Edenic golden age was unrecoverable. and the predicted terminal of the universe was at hand. With alterations in the ways that adult male looked at his existence. upseting finds suggested mutableness and corruptness: the terrorizing consequence of new stars. comets. etc. . added to a pessimism that anticipated marks of decay as revelatory omens of nearing cosmopolitan disintegration. Hierarchically. the human psyche was threefold: the highest. or rational psyche. which adult male on Earth possessed unambiguously ; the animal. or appetitive psyche. which adult male shared with lower animate beings ; and the lowest. or vegetive ( vegetable ; alimentary ) psyche. concerned chiefly with reproduction and growing. The psyche was facilitated in its work by the body’s three chief variety meats. liver. bosom. and encephalon: the liver served the soul’s vegetal. the bosom its vital. and the encephalon its carnal faculties- motive. chief virtuousnesss. etc. Man himself was formed by a natural combination of the four elements: the dull elements of Earth and water- both be givening to fall to the centre of the universe- and air and fire- both be givening to lift. When the elements mixed they shaped man’s disposition. Each component possessed two of the four primary qualities which combined into a humour or human disposition: Earth ( cold and dry: melancholy ) . H2O ( cold and moist: phlegmatic ) ; air ( hot and moist: sanguine ) ; fire ( hot and dry: choleric ) . Like his psyche and his temper. man’s organic structure obsessed cosmic affinities: the encephalon with the Moon ; the liver with the planet Jupiter ; the lien with the planet Saturn. Assigned to each of the stars and the domain of fixed stars was a hierarchy of immaterial liquors. angels or devils. On Earth. the fallen angels and Satan. along with such supernatural forces as enchantresss. continued to allure adult male and lead him on to transgress. Familiar to Shakespeare and his coevalss were the Aristotelean four causes: the concluding cause. or aim or stop for which a alteration is made ; the efficient cause. or that by which some alteration is made ; the stuff cause. or that in which a alteration is made ; and formal cause. or that into which something is changed. Renaissance concern with causing may be seen in Polonius’ laboring of the efficient cause of Hamlet’s lunacy. For this consequence faulty comes by cause ( 2. 2. 101-03 ) . In the Aristotelean position. alteration involves a integrity between possible affair and actualized signifier. Change is therefore a procedure of going. affected by a cause which acts determinately towards a end to bring forth a consequence. Implicit in the Elizabethan worldview was the Aristotelean thought of causing as embracing potency and act. affair and head. The London dramatist’s pre-Cartesian existence. so. tended to retain a sense of the sense of purpose of natural objects and their topographic point in the godly strategy. Towards the mid-seventeenth century a major cleft between the medieval-Renaissance world-view and the modern universe position took topographic point. effected by Renee Descartes ( 1596-1650 ) . Cartesian dualism separated off head from affair. and psyche from body- not a new thought. but reformulated so that the theologians’ philosophies became the philosophers’ ; the jobs of Predestination were all of a sudden the jobs of Determinism. For Descartes. all nature was to be explained as either idea or extension ; hence. the head became a strictly intelligent substance. the organic structure a soulless mechanical system. Descartes’ doctrine held that one can cognize merely one’s ain clear and distinguishable thoughts. Objects are of import merely in so far as adult male brings his ain judgements to bear upon them. Cartesian incredulity and subjectivism led to the rejection of the old centuries’ Aristotelean positions. as meaningless or obscure. Harmonizing to Aristotle. to cognize the cause of things was to cognize their nature. For the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. objects influenced each other through common affinities and aversions. Elizabethans accepted the correspondences of understandings and aversions in nature. including a homeopathic impression that like remedies like. Well into the 17th century. alchemical. hermetical. astrological. and other pre-scientific beliefs continued to exercise. even on the heads of distinguished scientists. a discernable influence. Concerned with the demand to believe. in an age of inchoate uncertainty. theater audiences frequently witnessed in calamities such battles to prolong belief: Hamlet has a demand to swear the Ghost ; Lear has a wracked concern for celestial powers ; and Othello feels a despairing necessity to continue his belief in Desdemona- when I love thee non. / Chaos is come again ( 3. 3. 92-3 ) . For Othello and Lear. belief is saneness. Theologically. in the ulterior 16th century. godly Providence seemed progressively to be questioned. or at least to be regarded as more bafflingly cryptic. The mediaeval sense of security was in a procedure of transmutation. Those alterations coincided with such fortunes as the Renaissance resurgence of Epicureanism. which stressed the indifference of the powers above to man’s concerns. In its topographic point was a particular personal power. which was emphasized in the plants of Machiavelli ( 1469-1527 ) and other Renaissance authors. Such alterations in the dealingss of adult male and his divinity necessarily provided a clime for calamity. wherein both godly justness ( as in King Lear ) and meaningful action ( as in Hamlet ) seemed every bit unachievable. Lear appears to oppugn the forces above man’s life. and Hamlet the powers beyond his decease. Hamlet’s undertaking is farther complicated. for illustration. by his meaningless pursuit for action- from a Reformation standpoint- of works toward redemption. The way to redemption. of great concern to most Elizabethans. was non through plants or virtue but by cryptic godly election. The post-Reformation adult male. alienated from the nonsubjective construction of the traditional Church. every bit good as from the release of the confessional. with a burdened and isolated scruples. turned his guilt inward. The Renaissance epistemic crisis emphasized the impression of the relativity of perceptual experience. nowadays in the appearance-versus-reality motive recurrent through Renaissance play. The Renaissance dramatists’ works mark a passage between absolute natural jurisprudence bestowed by God. and relativistic natural jurisprudence. recognized by adult male. The Playhouses The old Medieval phase of place-and-scaffolds. still in usage in Scotland in the early 16th century. had fallen into neglect ; the sort of impermanent phase that was dominant in England about 1575 was the booth phase of the marketplace- a little rectangular phase mounted on trestles or barrels and open in the sense of being surrounded by witnesss on three sides. The phase proper of the booth phase by and large measured from 15 to 25 ft. in breadth and from 10 to 15 ft. in deepness ; its tallness above the land averaged a turn 5 ft. 6 in. . with extremes runing every bit low as 4 ft. and every bit high as 8 ft. ; and it was backed by a cloth-covered booth. normally unfastened at the top. which served as a tiring-house ( short for attiring house. where the histrions dressed ) . In the England of 1575 there were two sorts of edifices. designed for maps other than the playing of dramas. which were adapted by the participants as impermanent out-of-door wendy houses: the animal-baiting rings or game houses ( e. g. Bear Garden ) and the hostel. Presumably. a booth phase was set up against a wall at one side of the pace. with the audience standing in the pace environing the phase on three sides. Out of these natural wendy houses grew two major categories of lasting Elizabethan wendy house. public and private. In general. the public wendy houses were big out-of-door theaters. whereas the private wendy houses were smaller indoor theaters. The maximal capacity of a typical public wendy house ( e. g. . the Swan ) was about 3. 000 witnesss ; that of a typical private wendy house ( e. g. . the Second Blackfriars ) . about 700 witnesss. At the public playhouses the bulk of witnesss were groundlings who stood in the soil pace for a penny ; the balance were sitting in galleries and boxes for two pence or more. At the private wendy houses all witnesss were seated ( in cavity. galleries. and boxes ) and paid tanner or more. In the beginning. the private wendy houses were used entirely by Boys’ companies. but this differentiation disappeared about 1609 when the King’s Men. in abode at the Globe in the summer. began utilizing the Blackfriars in winter. Originally the private wendy houses were found merely within the City of London ( the Paul’s Playhouse. the First and Second Blackfriars ) . the public playhouses merely in the suburbs ( the Theatre. the Curtain. the Rose. the Globe. the Fortune. the Red Bull ) ; but this differentiation disappeared about 1606 with the gap of the Whitefriars Playhouse to the West of Ludgate. Public-theatre audiences. though socially heterogenous. were drawn chiefly from the lower classes- a state of affairs that has caused modern bookmans to mention to the public-theatre audiences as popular ; whereas private-theatre audiences tended to dwell of gentlemen ( those who were university educated ) and aristocracy ; select is the word most normally opposed to popular in this regard. James Burbage. male parent to the celebrated histrion Richard Burbage of Shakespeare’s company. construct the first lasting theater in London. the Theatre. in 1576. He likely simply adapted the signifier of the baiting-house to theatrical demands. To make so he built a big unit of ammunition construction really much like a baiting-house but with five major inventions in the standard signifier. First. he paved the ring with brick or rock. therefore paving the cavity into a yard. Second. Burbage erected a phase in the yard- his theoretical account was the booth phase of the market place. larger than used before. with stations instead than trestles. Third. he erected a lasting tiring-house in topographic point of the booth. Here his head theoretical account was the transition screens of the Tudor domestic hall. They were modified to defy the conditions by the interpolation of doors in the room accesss. Presumably the tiring-house. as a lasting construction. was inset into the frame of the wendy house instead than. as in the older impermanent state of affairs of the booth phase. put up against the frame of a baiting-house. The gallery over the tiring-house ( presumptively divided into boxes ) was capable of functioning diversely as a Lord’s room for privileged or high-paying witnesss. as a music-room. and as a station for the occasional public presentation of action above as. for illustration. Juliet’s balcony. Fourth. Burbage built a cover over the rear portion of the phase. called the Heavens . supported by stations lifting from the pace and surmounted by a hut. And fifth. Burbage added a 3rd gallery to the frame. The theory of beginning and development suggested in the preceding agreements with our main pictural beginning of information about the Elizabethan phase. the De Witt drawing of the inside of the Swan Playhouse ( c. 1596 ) . It seems likely that most of the unit of ammunition public playhouses- specifically. the Theatre ( 1576 ) . the Swan ( 1595 ) . the First Globe ( 1599 ) . the Hope ( 1614 ) . and the Second Globe ( 1614 ) - were of about the same size. The Second Blackfriars Playhouse of 1596 was designed by James Burbage. and he built his wendy house in the upper-story Parliament Chamber of the Upper Frater of the priory. The Parliament Chamber measured 100 ft. in length. but for the wendy house Burbage used merely two-thirds of this length. The room in inquiry. after the remotion of dividers spliting it into flats. measured 46 ft. in breadth and 66 ft. in length. The phase likely measured 29 ft. in breadth and 18 ft. 6 in. in deepness. The Staging Conventions In the private theaters. act-intervals and music between Acts of the Apostless were customary from the beginning. A music-room was at first missing in the public wendy houses. since public-theatre public presentations did non originally use act-intervals and inter-act music. About 1609. nevertheless. after the King’s work forces had begun executing at the Blackfriars every bit good as at the Globe. the usage of inter-act music seems to hold spread from the private to the public wendy houses. and with it seemingly came the usage of utilizing one of the tiring-house boxes over the phase as a music-room. The play was conventional. non realistic: poesy was the most obvious convention. others included asides. monologues. male childs playing the functions of adult females. conflicts ( with merely a few participants ) . the daylight convention ( many scenes are set at dark. though the dramas took topographic point in mid-afternoon under the sky ) . a convention of clip ( the clock and calendar are used merely at the dramatist’s discretion ) . the convention of eavesdropping ( many characters overhear others. which the audience is secluded to but the overheard characters are non ) . and motion from topographic point to topographic point as suggested by the book and the audience’s imaginativeness. Exits were strong. and when everyone departed the phase. a alteration of scene was indicated. There was comparatively small scenery. Scenery was largely implicative ; for illustration. one or two trees standing in for a whole wood. The elaborate costumes- for which companies paid a great trade of money- supplied the colour and pageantry. Minimal scenery and limited costume alterations made the passages between scenes lightning-fast and kept the narrative traveling. There was frequently dancing before and after the play- at times. during. like the peasants’ dance in Shakespeare’s Winter’s Tale. Jigs were frequently given at the terminal of public presentations. a usage preserved still today at Shakespeare’s Globe. The gigue at the theater were non ever mere dances. they were sometimes comprised of vocals and bawdy knockabout travesties filled with commentaries on current events. Possibly the most celebrated gigue was the 1 performed by Will Kemp. the buffoon in Shakespeare’s company. over a nine twenty-four hours period in 1599. on the route from London to Norwich. It was published in 1600 as Kemps nine twenty-four hourss wonder. After 1600. the bawdry gigue fell into derision and disdain and were merely performed at theaters such as the Red Bull. which catered to an audience appreciative of the lowest wit and most violent action. The buffoons were the great stars of the Elizabethan phase prior to the rise of the celebrated tragedians of the late 1580s. such as Edward ( Ned ) Alleyn and Richard Burbage. Every company had a top buffoon along with the tragedian?hakespeare? company was no exclusion: Richard Tarleton was the buffoon until his decease in 1588. Will Kemp was the buffoon until forced out of the company in 1599. to be replaced by another celebrated buffoon. Robin Armin. The buffoons non merely performed the aforesaid gigue. but besides played many of the great amusing characters ; Kemp most likely played Peter in Romeo and Juliet and Dogberry in Much Ado About Nothing. Armin the parts of Feste in Twelfth Night and the Fool in King Lear. From modern-day paperss. we know there were over a 1000 histrions in England between 1580-1642* . Most were hapless. starving actors . but a few twelve were able to do names for themselves and go stockholders in their several companies. and do a good life. The repertory system was demanding esides playing six yearss a hebdomad. a company would be in continual dry run in order to add new dramas and to review old 1s in their agenda. A participant would likely larn a new function every hebdomad. with 30 to forty functions in his caput. No minor effort. particularly sing that an histrion would merely acquire his lines and cues ( in a rolled up parchment. his roll . from which we get the word role ) . non a whole book! Over a period of three old ages. a tragedian such as Edward Alleyn. lead participant for the Admiral’s Men. would larn non merely 50 new parts but besides retain twenty or more old functions.

Two Things †Branding and Writers Block

Two Things – Branding and Writers Block Of course youre wondering what these two have to do with each other. Actually its more about what they have in common. For the first time in my career, I see writing income sliding to a new level I feel it will not recover from. What Im trying to say is that the effort you put into your writing business last year isnt enough for this year. To make the same income, you have to work harder and smarter. The competition is fierce. Whether you hate traditional or indie matters not anymore because authors on both sides are hurting. Incomes are down. Its harder than ever to be heard and seen, much less read. Why such a morbid post? Look at the title of this post again. Its like youre in a mob. Ever seen that commercial about the little door that data is trying to run through, only to see people pile atop one another unable to get through? Then the advertiser talks about a bigger door that allows all data to go through? Well, were at that stage where the door (the reader) is tiny. Authors are that mob. Only some will get through. Thats why branding is super critical right now. I listen to long-time, mid-list authors complain these days about how their incomes are way down, but they are doing the same thing theyve always done. Thats the problem. They are doing the same thingmarketing some, maybe posting on FB three times a week, thinking what worked in 2005 still works now. You cannot be seen without being different. You cannot be heard without noise, a dfferent kind of noise, because God knows its noisy out there. You need a brand, and when you figure out what it is, then you need to sling it and work it hard. Daily. Yep, daily. Now, that brings us to the other topic: writers block. In this day where Amazon accepts thousands of books per day to its database, you cannot sit back and profess to have writers block. Like your marketing, you need to write daily. Block NEVER stops you from writing. Somewhere in your head it makes you think you cant write, but guess what? Your brain and hands still work . . . so write. With the sea of writers out there writing daily, youll be soon forgotten otherwise. Sorry for the rant, but Im seeing good writers, long-time writers, being run over

Global marketing 'ensure' Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Global marketing 'ensure' - Essay Example It has concentrated in making the product available for those in the Saudi Arabian market that are lactose intolerant. The guiding principles towards ensure innovation are development of a wide range of formats and filter types that satisfy multiple requirements. Additionally, the innovative advancement in relation to ensure adopts the use of chromatography technologies and pall membrane technologies that offer micro filtered milk products that have longer shelf lives and fresher taste, functional ingredient so high value and milk concentrates. Due to the use of these technologies, the Saudi Arabian market will continue to maintain loyalty to the product and have trust in its quality. The relative advantage of ensure examines the degree to which it will be advantageous in the new Saudi Arabian market compared to the existing or competing brands. The rate to which Ensure milk product will be adopted in the Saudi Arabian market will depend on this relative advantage. The use of innovation as a product development priority is one of the things that will make the milk product gain relative advantage in the Saudi Arabian market. The Saudi Arabian market perception of the product as quality one due to application of latest technologies will help in shaking off competition. If the customers are able to see certain attributes in ensure milk that are seemingly better than in its competitors, they will embrace Ensure nutrition milk. The rate of adoption will be directly proportional to the increase in relative advantage. Additionally, the innovative aspect has a bearing on price (Latham, 2006). On one side, it helps Abbott in its competitive pricing. Increasing the prices or lengthy time taken in learning how deal with the product will affect the product’s adoption rate negatively. The Saudi Arabian market perception of the product as an innovative on is directly related to the level of compatibility

Critically evaluate the reform and governance of China's national oil Essay

Critically evaluate the reform and governance of China's national oil companies - Essay Example The Deng Xiaoping led economic reforms that instituted capitalist market principles into China were clustered into two categories of which the first category to be implemented during the 1070s and the early part of the 1980s involved granting permission to entrepreneurs to set-up their own businesses, allowing foreign investors into the country, and de-collectivization of agriculture (Naughton and Yang, 2004). The second category of reforms that were implemented in during the late 1980s and 1990s involved eradication of protectionist policies, price controls, and privatization as well as contracting out of industries that were largely state-owned (Rene, 2013). However, Singh et al. (2013) noted that despite these reforms, the Chinese government still retained its monopoly on key sectors such as the petroleum and banking industry. This present paper is based on the petroleum industry and in particular, it seeks to critically evaluate the reforms that have so far being implemented with in the industry and the general governance of China’s national oil companies. The discussion will focus on three critical areas that include the relationship between the ownership and the corporate governance. Secondly, the regulatory environment of the China’s oil industry and the influences of the nomenklatura system on China’s national oil companies. The relationship between the ownership and corporate governance of China’s national oil companies A discussion about the relationship between the ownership and corporate governance of China’s national oil companies necessitate the analysis of agency theory. In the studies by Chen (2009), agency theory has been described as a concept that explains the relationship that exists between an agent and a business. Leng (2009) on his part wrote that the theory explains the relationship between two parties where one is the principal while the other is an agent working on behalf of a principal. In the busines s context, the common forms of agency relationship normally exist between stockholders and the managers of the business organization, whereby the managers are acting on behalf the stockholder, or owners of the business. To begin with, Singh et al. (2013) stated that the reforms instituted in the Chinese petroleum industry, which is dominated by three key players that include the China National Petroleum Corporation (Petro China), China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation (Sinopec), and the China National Offshore Oil Corporation. The reforms were largely aimed at ensuring that the corporate governance within the corporations was sufficient to make the corporations highly successful. Leng (2009) on his part wrote that the reforms were geared towards introducing a new form of corporate governance that was capable of providing adequate incentives to the managers to ensure that they do their best to make the corporations successful. Secondly, to discourage them from misappropriating assets , and to have a legal framework to eject corporate managers who have proven to be incompetent. Leng (2009) wrote that in modern corporations there is a well defined distinction between control and ownership, and even the distribution of equity among investors. In regards to corporate governance, Thomas (2004) described it as an institutional arrangement whereby

Supply chain Essay Example for Free

Supply chain Essay In a production business the supply chain is one of the most crucial components to ensure smooth operation. In the retail and FMCG industry, the business is only about an excellent supply chain. The quality of the product is actually secondary. But the concept is now also applicable for software industry as well, because now software’s are outsourced and delivery is also crucial. But how do we identify whether the supply chain is performing optimally. For a production line, the effect will be immediately evident from the hourly production rate. A minor change or alteration in the supply chain, will affect the entire production line. The rate per hour will get hampered and the work will get slowed down. In this situation one needs to identify the point where the supply chain is getting hampered. Once it is done, the job is to streamline it and bring it to its optimal efficiency by SWOT (Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threat) analysis. This will also reduce the cost and time will be saved. However, for a FMCG or retail sector, the identification is not immediate, because buffer stocks are kept. Hence, the shortage or the inefficiency is not easily identified. When you feel the shortage or overage of stocks you can understand the scenario that the supply chain is not functioning properly. Another key indicator is the reduction in sales figure. The sales will take a hit, if the goods does not arrive at the right time, stocks are few and the demand is either not getting fulfilled or the supply is more than the demand. In this scenario the best option or rectification is to shift to JIT concept of supply cycle. Â  This JIT (Just in Time) concept is very effective, because neither are you over-stocking nor under-stocking. Also, the cost is getting reduced along with optimization of time. The software sector is very new to this concept, but an early understanding will be of great benefit in the future. Identify the lacuna and structure an efficient supply chain.

The Influence of Popular Culture on Societys Self-Perception Essay

The Influence of Popular Culture on Society's Self-Perception Popular culture has an undeniable influence on how society perceives itself. When examining mass culture, one must keep in mind the equilibrium between how much we, as a society, affect the way popular culture is constructed and to what extent popular culture influences the way we view ourselves and shapes our ideologies. An aspect of popular culture that may serve to greatly exemplify this theory of society as both the affecter and the affected is the genre of magazines targeted at young women. Though these publications are targeted as the representation of our society’s adolescent females, they actually have a great influence over the ways in which teens view and construct certain social ideologies. This essay will shed light on the influences these publications have in shaping, regulating, and defining young women’s perceptions of femininity, sexuality, and romance. Consequently, it will also reveal an irony in the fact that â€Å"women’s magazines†, wr itten for (and mostly by) women actually mold their beliefs and actions into those that reinforce female subordination through the traditional standards of a patriarchal society. For the purpose of analysis, I will focus on three publications for women, each with a slightly different audience according to the age and class brackets targeted and the subjects offered. In her analysis of one of Britain’s women’s magazines called Jackie, McRobbie identifies four codes that form the content of these publications: those of fashion and beauty, romance, personal and domestic life, and pop music (Christian-Smith,8). The magazines I will examine all exemplify the four factors of McRobbie’s codes. The first publication is a magazine called Twist. From the content, one may infer that the main target of this magazine is a high school age bracket. The cover stories include â€Å"Make-him-Melt Prom Hair and Makeup†, â€Å"Is it Love or Lust†, â€Å"Real Guys Reveal What Their Mixed Messages Really Mean†, â€Å"New Zit Zappers†, and â€Å"Celeb’s Happiness Secrets†. Inside, the reader finds pop music icons, advice on how to act and look to find a member of the opposite sex, advertisements targeted at younger consumers of cheaper goods, and pictures of stereotypically attractive teenagers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The second magazine I will be discussing is Complete Woman. This magazine is aimed at a ... ...logies? A broader representation of other forms of society would be necessary to dissolve the stereotypes that mass culture has come to represent. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Twist Magazine, May 2000. Heinrich Bauer Publishing, L.P. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Complete Woman Magazine, June/July 2000. James L. Herlock, Publisher. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Marie Claire Magazine, May 2000. Hearst Communications. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Christian-Smith, Linda. Becoming a Woman Through Romance. Routledge, Inc. 1990. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Modleski, Tania. Feminism Without Women. Routledge, Inc. 1991. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lewin, Ellen. â€Å"Writing Lesbian Ethnography† reprinted in Women Writing Culture. University of California Press. 1995. 7.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Craik, Jennifer. â€Å"I Must Put My Face On† 1989. reprinted in Feminist Cultural Studies I. Edward Elgar Publishing. 1995 8.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Winship, Janice. â€Å"Handling Sex† 1981. reprinted in Feminist Cultural Studies I. Edward Elgar Publishing. 1995 9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lutz, Catherine. â€Å"The Gender Of Theory† reprinted in Women Writing Culture. Univ. of California Press. 1995 10.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Coward, Ruth. Female Desire. Palladin Books. 1984. 11.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Schlesinger, Philip. â€Å"From Production to Propaganda?† reprinted in Culture and Power. Sage Publications. 1992

Women in the Classical Era

Stephen Spradling Oct 22-Dec 15 The Rights of Women In the Classical era China, India, and Rome all had different views on women’s roles in society. Each society placed them as second class citizens but as you read in each document in â€Å"Considering the Evidence† they are each treated a little better. At the bottom is the Chinese culture, they treat their women as objects, as things you should own such as servants. The Indians are who the text explains next.They treat their women a little better; the women are not anywhere treated as equals but had the option of going off on their own and being priestess or beggars. The last of the documents are the Roman culture. The Roman women are not equal either but they are the closest to it. In public they are not to question men but they rule the house at home. In the document on the Romans they protest in the street the law against having jewelry because of the needs of the Empire to fund the war. â€Å"How sad it is to be a woman! Nothing on earth is held so cheap.Boys stand leaning at the door Like Gods fallen out of Heaven. †( Fu Xuan, 263) The Chinese culture held women in the lowest regards while placing all men above the. But in the text â€Å"A Chinese Woman’s Instructions to Her Daughters† Ban Zhao was able to have a life of her own without a husband. She was married had children, but then widowed. Even through this she was able to be successful, and become and author to help other women. â€Å"Ban Zhao had a significant career as a court historian and as an adviser to the empress- dowager ( the widow of a deceased emperor).Her most famous work, Lessons for Women, was an effort to apply the principles of Confucianism to the lives and behavior of women. † (Waley, 264) Ban Zhao was the few exceptions to this most women were expected to do choirs and housework without complaint and complete obedience. â€Å" Let a woman retire late to bed, but rise early to duties; let her nor dread tasks by day or by night. . . . When a woman follows such rules as these, then she may be said to be industrious. † â€Å"unquestionably the daughter- in- law obeys. †(Ban, 264) The life of a Chinese woman was very hard and one of unsung hardship.Around this this same time there was a women in India were subject to very similar social standings. The could not do anything without and man and were subject to man’s rule. In An Alternative to Patriarchy in India it states the limited power of women. â€Å"In childhood a female must be subject to her father, in youth to her husband, when her lord is dead to her sons; a woman must never be independent. †(Psalms of the Early Buddhists, translated by Mrs. Rhys Davids, 266) The only way around such treatment was to be a Buddhist nun or a street beggar.Even though women in the Chinese cultural do not complain the Indian women did. They wrote poems about their hardships. â€Å"Me stained and squalid à ¢â‚¬â„¢ mong my cooking- pots My brutal husband ranked as even less Than the sunshades he sits and weaves alway. †( Psalms of the Early Buddhists, translated by Mrs. Rhys Davids,267) The three lives that these women could live is under control of a man, as a nun or as a street walker. The last choice of a street walker may sound like a horrible choice but it is the only way for these women to be free. To- day with shaven head, wrapt in my robe, I go forth on my daily round for food; . . . Now all the evil bonds that fetter gods And men are wholly rent and cut away. . . . Calm and content I know Nibbana’s Peace. † . †( Psalms of the Early Buddhists, translated by Mrs. Rhys Davids,267) The women of the highest standing were the women of Rome. They could go out in public without men, even talk to other men, even though this was frowned upon. â€Å"Had not respect for the dignity and modesty of cer-tain ones ( not them all! restrained me. . . . I should have sa id,‘ What kind of behavior is this? Running around in public, blocking streets, and speaking to other women’s husbands! Could you not have asked your own husbands the same thing at home? Are you more charming in public with others’ husbands than at home with your own? And yet, it is not fit-ting even at home†¦ for you to concern yourselves with what laws are passed or repealed here. †(Livy, 269) This tells us that women were able to go out in public, socialize, and even gossip.This document shows that though not in public these woman have somewhat of a voice in the home. These women have gone so far as to protest in the streets to get their right to buy jewelry back. â€Å" even now let them snatch at the government and meddle in the Forum and our assemblies. What are they doing now on the streets and crossroads, if they are not persuading the tribunes to vote for repeal? †(Livy, 269) These women have had the freedom to protest in the street ove r JEWLERY! These women are truly treated the best out of the cultures of this time.

Explore Joe Gargery’s role in Great Expectations Essay

In Great Expectations, Joe acts as a father figure to Pip, when he is in fact his brother-in-law, as Joe married Pip’s sister, Mrs Joe Gargery. We are introduced to Joe as a â€Å"mild, good-natured, sweet-tempered, easy-going, foolish, dear fellow†. Pip describes him as a kind and gentle man, making the reader immediately like him. â€Å"Good-natured† and â€Å"sweet-tempered† give Joe an endearing quality, so the reader is drawn to him. However, â€Å"foolish† introduces a potentially negative side to his character, like he is stupid, although this too could be considered endearing. Perhaps Dickens does this so that we can understand Joe’s actions better, or at least don’t view him too negatively when he can’t protect Pip from Mrs Joe. In contrast to his gentle personality, he is a blacksmith, and therefore a strong man. Pip thinks of him â€Å"like the steam-hammer, that can crush a man or pat an egg shell†. He is likening Joe to a machine in the forge, giving Joe a sense of power. Although, â€Å"crush† is quite a violent word, suggesting Joe to be violent, which he definitely is not. Perhaps Dickens included this detail to make us respect Joe, which is important for later on in the novel, so we don’t just view him as a â€Å"sweet-tempered† man. But there is a sense of this good natured man in the word â€Å"pat†, it could potentially have paternal connotations. Perhaps this links to the image of the egg shell as well, as it is a fragile protector of life. Furthermore Joe could almost be seen as the protector of Pip’s life, as he saves him several times. Also egg shells can be strong, but have weak sides if they are put under stress, just like Joe has a weak side  œ he can’t protect Joe from Mrs Joe Gargery. As well as this, there is the idea that Joe is in control, in the words â€Å"can† and â€Å"or†, he can choose which side of himself to be, strong or gentle. This is a very adult concept, but Joe can sometimes be very childlike. Joe can’t deal with the idea of death, despite being a strong blacksmith. When Pip asks Joe if Miss Havisham died, he eventually replies â€Å"she ain’t living†. This is a very backward way of saying it, a way we don’t normally use, showing Joe’s childish innocence. He avoids the subject of death again, when Pip asks him if he had heard of Magwitch’s death. Even though Joe never knew him personally, he avoids saying the words, instead he says he heard â€Å"something or another in a general way in that direction†. The vagueness of this statement is almost humorous, he can’t even just say â€Å"yes†. Joe is unable to confirm a person’s death, he just brushes over the subject, not fully acknowledging or possibly understanding it, like a child would. Another way Dickens portrays this childishness is through making Joe illiterate. Pip writes him a letter, and all he can read is his name: â€Å"Why, here’s three Js, and three Os, and three J-O, Joes, in it, Pip!† The exclamation mark at the end implies he is excited and proud that he has managed to read, and that he is wanting Pip to recognise his achievement, like a child would want their father too. This childishness makes Joe a lovable character, the reader wants to see him do well. Perhaps it also makes Pip’s behaviour towards him seem worse, from the reader’s perspective, as Joe is such an innocent character. Whilst Joe may not have great knowledge or academic skills, he possesses something most of the other characters don’t have, self-knowledge, he recognises he is illiterate and ‘stupid’. He tells Pip on two separate occasions that he is â€Å"most awful dull†. He is accepting of himself, he knows he is not the cleverest, in fact â€Å"awful† suggests that he thinks he is very stupid. Moreover, â€Å"dull† could imply many things, not only that he is stupid, but also that he isn’t sharp. Perhaps this is a reference to him being a black smith, that he is like one of his hammers, only good for physically things, he’s not sharp witted or clever. â€Å"Dull† could also intimate that he thinks he is boring, perhaps why he struggles to talk to, or be in the presence of people in a higher class to himself, because he considers himself boring and unworthy. But this ‘dullness’ does not stop him from being wise. Throughout the novel, Joe gives Pip many pieces of advice, for example â€Å"if you can’t get to be oncommon through going straight, you’ll never get to do it through going crooked†. Joe, even though he is perhaps the most uneducated character (shown in the wording of the sentence) he can sometimes be the most wise and honourable. Because of this he acts as a hidden role model for Pip. Not only is he honourable and wise, he understands his place: â€Å"I am wrong out of the forge† he tells Pip at their awkward reunion. Dickens suggests (through Joe) that people should stay in their class, and not aspire or try to move up; he argues for social immobility. Joe tells Pip that if he ever came back to the forge he’d â€Å"see Joe the blacksmith, there, at the old anvil, in the old burnt apron, sticking to the old work.† Joe labels himself â€Å"the blacksmith† implying that he believes it is all he is good at. The repetition of â€Å"old† makes him seem experienced, as he has been doing it a long time. There is also the idea that he clings or latches onto his work, in the word â€Å"sticking†, he fixes himself onto it so much that it has become how he defines himself. The fact that he feels himself â€Å"wrong† when not in the forge could be the reason why he can’t talk to Miss Havisham: â€Å"Joe†¦persisted in addressing me.† It is like he cannot deal with the formality of he occasion, as he feels he doesn’t belong there. Dickens humiliates Joe here, presenting him as a shy and awkward character, making the reader sympathise with him. This is another negative quality, helping to balance out the character of Joe. Joe also finds it difficult to deal with Pip when he is a ‘gentleman’. When Pip is ill, and needing Joe’s help, Joe is happy to call him Pip and treat him like he did when he was younger. But as soon as Pip starts getting better and gaining strength, Joe reverts to calling him â€Å"Sir†: â€Å"I shall be happy fur to see you able, sir†. This could show Joe’s insecurity, that when he is no longer sure if Pip needs him, he becomes very polite, and address Pip as if he is in a higher class again. However, Joe does treat everyone equally, for example when Magwitch confesses about stealing the pie, Joe says that whatever he has done, â€Å"we wouldn’t have you starved to death for it, poor miserable fellow-creature.† This shows how Joe views the world, and the people on it, that we are all of the same kind, and all have the same rights. As well as this, â€Å"creature† implies that Joe believes humans are animals, perhaps why he struggles with classes and formalities. This may relate to the fact that Joe never shows a real desire to learn to read or write, because he thinks we are animals that just do physical things, such as make things, like a blacksmith does. â€Å"Poor† also implies that Joe sympathises with the convict, despite knowing it was his own fault that he is in the position he is in, showing that Joe is very forgiving, which the reader respects him for. Joe shows this forgiveness on a number of occasions, for example, when he tells Pip about his abusive father, and how he came after him and his mother. He tells Pip it was because his â€Å"father were that good in his hart that he couldn’t abear to be without us.† One could argue that this was Joe’s innocent view on the world, and that he couldn’t accept that someone would deliberately want to hurt someone else. But, more likely, it is Joe forgiving his father for what he did. Forgiveness (or the lack of it) is a common theme throughout the novel, but Joe seems to be one of the only one who offers it readily. Not only does Joe forgive his father for abusing him, but also Mrs Joe. He tells Pip that she is a â€Å"fine figure of a woman†. This is somewhat ironic as Mrs Joe has no feminine qualities, not even a female name. It also shows Joe’s respect, if not affection, for Mrs Joe, despite her treating him so badly. For example she regularly abuses him: â€Å"she knocked his head for a little while against the wall behind him.† Joe puts up with her, although he could easily fight back. The image if almost comic, especially the phrase â€Å"for a little while†, it makes it sound like she is just casually doing it for the sake of it. It could also link to the phrase ‘knock some sense into him’, perhaps this is what Mrs Joe is trying to do? At any rate Joe is submissive, showing his selflessness, as he lets her do it so she doesn’t hurt Pip as much (as he explains later). The reader pities Joe, as he is such a kind man, married to an abusive woma n, who takes advantage of his kindness. Joe is very loyal to Pip, and is always there when he needs him. One of Joe’s ‘catch-phrases’ is â€Å"ever the best of friends†. â€Å"Ever† shows his loyalty towards Pip, and gives a sense of stability, he gives Pip something to come back to. As if to prove this loyalty, he pays of Pip’s debts. This is such a big gesture as Joe is the poorest of all men. The moral and emotional image of debt appears a lot throughout the novel, perhaps because debt was a personal issue for Dickens. His family were imprisoned for debt, therefore stopping Dickens’ education, and he bailed his father out many times. In the novel, Pip becomes Joe’s debtor, an image of ownership, like Joe owns Pip. One could argue that this was to do with Joe’s insecurity, and that he needs something solid to connect him to Pip. However, throughout the book, Joe has been completely selfless, so this act could just another example of Joe’s kindness. Ther e are also religious overtones to this, he is doing a Christian deed. There are several religious links associated with Joe, for example, Joe takes in Pip a a child â€Å"God bless the poor little child, there’s room for him at the forge.† This could be a reference to the Nativity story, when the innkeepers turn Mary away. Add this to the Christian deeds he does (like paying off Pip’s debt), give Joe an almost saint-like quality. But Dickens needs to balance the character, otherwise we may just view him as a perfect religious figure and would then find it hard to view him as a realistic role model for Pip. So Dickens makes Joe childish, innocent, illiterate and also includes some comedy moments. For example, when Joe has learned to write, he writes a letter to Biddy. Dickens writes this in a very comedic way, possibly overly so. Joe â€Å"constantly dipped his pen into space, and seemed satisfied with the result†, it is almost mocking him. As well as this, it is written like a performance for Pip, but throughout the novel Joe has been the only one who can’t act (e.g. he can’t deal with formal situations and pretend to be something he is not) or pretend. So why does Dickens include these humorous details? Possibly it could be to balance out Joe as a character, for if he was just a religious prophet, he would lose his power in the novel. Or alternatively, it could be to lighten the mood and relieve the tension between Pip and Joe. Or perhaps it is to show Joe fulfilling his mother’s expectations, of Joe being a â€Å"scholar†, to show that it can be done. This may provide hope for the reader, that Pip might be able to fulfill his own expectat ions eventually. Although that wouldn’t explain why it is so over the top. Some characters only see this side of Joe, the awkward, clown-like side. Pip says that Jaggers â€Å"recognised in Joe the village idiot and me his keeper.† Jaggers doesn’t understand Joe, he doesn’t know about Joe’s forgiving, loyal nature, he just sees an â€Å"idiot†. This could be reinforcing our first introduction to Joe, where he is described as foolish. Again this could be to balance the character of Joe, rather then make the reader view him negatively, as we know Joe is a very wise character. Jaggers believes this because Joe cries when he tells him about Pip’s expectations, and has to be comforted by Pip. Joe demonstrates many female tendencies throughout the novel, especially when he is caring for Pip at the end of the book, â€Å"Joe had actually laid his head down on the pillow at my side.† This is ironic considering his strength. Perhaps he is compensating for Mrs Joe’s lack of femininity, or he is filling in the gap left by her death, showing Joe to be a father figure for Pip. Ultimately, Joe is the only true father to Pip, he gives him â€Å"the wealth of his great nature†, which is more than Magwitch ever did. He may not have a lot of money, but he is a true gentleman in character. Ironically, the poorest of all the men is the most gentlemanly. Moreover, Pip eventually comes to realise this: â€Å"there was a simple dignity in him.† Now, whilst he is recognising Joe’s dignity, he doesn’t sound very respectful. The tone sounds quite patronising, and â€Å"simple† implies stupidity. Overall, Joe is the only constant in the book, he can’t act, he can’t pretend to be something he is not, he doesn’t change for anyone – â€Å"whoever came about me, still settled down into Joe.† Even the use of the word â€Å"settled† gives the idea of stability and constants, Joe is always there for Pip. He acts as a role model for Pip, and the other characters, even if they don’t realise it. But he does have his negative qualities, he is childish and awkward. However, this gives him more power in the book, as the reader can relate to him, and not just view him as a religious saint-like figure.

List of Sampling Types in Statistics

List of Sampling Types in Statistics There are two branches in statistics, descriptive and inferential statistics. Of these two main branches, statistical sampling concerns itself primarily with inferential statistics. The basic idea behind this type of statistics is to start with a statistical sample. After we have this sample, we then try to say something about the population.  We very quickly realize the importance of our sampling method. There are a variety of different types of samples in statistics. Each of these samples is named based upon how its members are obtained from the population. It is important to be able to distinguish between these different types of samples.  Below is a list with a brief description of some of the most common statistical samples. List of Sample Types Random sample – Here every member of the population is equally likely to be a member of the sample.  Members are chosen via a random process.Simple random sample – This type of sample is easy to confuse with a random sample as the differences between them are quite subtle. In this type of sample individuals are randomly obtained, and so every individual is equally likely to be chosen.  It is also necessary that every group of n individuals is equally likely of being chosen.Voluntary response sample – Here subjects from the population determine whether they will be members of the sample or not.  This type of sample is not reliable to do meaningful statistical work.Convenience sample - This type of sample is characterized by the selection of easy to obtain members from the population.  Again, this is typically not a worthwhile style for a sampling technique.Systematic sample - A systematic sample is chosen on the basis of an ordered system.Cluster sample â €“ A cluster sample involves using a simple random sample of evident groups that the population contains. Stratified sample - A stratified sample results when a population is split into at least two non-overlapping sub-populations. It is important to know the distinctions between the different types of samples. For example, a simple random sample and a systematic random sample can be quite different from one another. Some of these samples are more useful than others in statistics. A convenience sample and voluntary response sample can be easy to perform, but these types of samples are not randomized to reduce or eliminate bias.  Typically these types of samples are popular on websites for opinion polls. It is also good to have a working knowledge of all of these kinds of samples. Some situations call for something other than a simple random sample. We must be prepared to recognize these situations and to know what is available to use. Resampling It is also good to know when we are resampling.  This means that we are sampling with replacement, and the same individual can contribute more than once in our sample.  Some advanced techniques, such as bootstrapping, requires that resampling be performed.

SAT Rules and Regulations Dont Make a Mistake

SAT Rules and Regulations Don't Make a Mistake SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Because the SAT is such a high stakes test, the College Board has implemented a series of rules to ensure that there is no cheating and that all students have as close to the same test-taking experience as possible. Before you take the SAT, you should familiarize yourself with these rules. It would be a shame to spend months preparing and be in the middle of acing your SAT, only to get kicked out of the test and have your score canceled because your phone was on, and you received a text during the last section. That’s an extreme example, but it's possible. Know the rules so you can protect yourself. In this article, I will discuss SAT rules, the reasons behind the rules, and the possible consequences for violating SAT rules and regulations. The Purpose of SAT Rules The primary purposes of the rules for the SAT are to prevent cheating and ensure the same test-taking experience for all students. The College Board is trying to create a fair, standardized test-taking experience for everyone who takes the SAT. If certain people are given an unfair advantage, that could affect college admissions and future SAT scores. Now let's take a look at all the SAT rules and regulations. SAT Rules You can check out the rules the College Board provides for the SAT. Most of the rules are relatively basic: take your own test, follow the test instructions, and don't document or record anything from the test. However, let's go over some of these rules in more depth. I know we all generally hate talking about rules, but these are important details. Better to know them now than to run into problems later. Check out the article on SAT admission tickets. You will have to present your ticket along with valid photo identification to get into the test. How sad would it be to feel fully prepared to take your SAT and wake up early on a Saturday morning, only to be denied admission to the test center? The only resource you're allowed to use to help you on your SAT is an SAT-approved calculator. You can't use a dictionary or thesaurus for your essay. You can't bring in any notes or scratch paper. You can't use an electronic device that has the capacity to store information. During your SAT, don't leave the building for any reason. Even if you're on break and see one of your friends waving to you outside, don't do it. If you leave the building before the test is over, your test is supposed to be canceled. The hardest rule to remember is not to discuss exam content unless it's released as part of a College Board service. This means that you're not allowed to discuss any part of the test during breaks. You're not allowed to talk about a difficult reading passage with your friend after the test is over. On the Monday after your test, you can't tell your math teacher about a specific question she prepared you for. You can't post any questions on Reddit. Obviously, you're probably not going to get caught discussing exam content. The College Board is not monitoring everything you say and everything you do on the internet. However, I recommend that you don't take any chances. If a strict proctor hears you talking about exam questions during a break, that could be bad news for you. No talking about exam content What You Must Bring to the Test Admission Ticket- You must have your admission ticket on test day. Photo Identification- You must present acceptable photo ID to be admitted to the test center. You may be denied entrance to the test center or your scores may bewithheld or canceled if you can't present acceptable ID, if the validity of the ID is in question, or if you fail to follow the Identification Requirements and Policies. What You Should Bring At least two No. 2 pencils- If you want to take the test and get a score, you're going to need a No. 2 pencil. Don't be that person frantically asking everyone in the room for a pencil minutes before the test. Also, a working eraser will be helpful. An acceptable calculator- Make sure the calculator you bring to the test is one of the SAT-approved calculators. You canuse graphing calculators, scientific calculators, or four-function calculators (not recommended). You can't use as a calculator any laptop or portable/handheld computer, electronic writing pad or pen-input/stylus driven device, pocket organizer, cell phone calculator, calculator that has a QWERTY keypad, or calculator that uses an electrical outlet, makes noise, or has a paper tape. A watch without audible alarm- I do recommend bringing a watch to help keep track of your time during the test. It's possible that the room you're in may not have a functioning clock, or your proctor may forget to update you on how much time is remaining in a section. However, make sure the watch you bring doesn't make any noise. If the alarm on your watch goes off, that is an SAT rule violation and your score could be canceled. Miscellaneous Items- Here are some things you should bring that will make your test-taking experience more comfortable and less stressful: a backpack, snacks and water for breaks, extra batteries for your calculator, and extra pencils and erasers. Bring a few snacks for break time What You Shouldn't Bring Cell phones- This rule is a little tricky since we've all become so reliant on cell phones, and you might need your phone before or after your test. If your phone is put away in a backpack (including during breaks) and turned off during the test, you shouldn't have a problem. Generally, proctors will just tell you to turn your phone off since it's too difficult to confiscate everyone's phone. However, if you can't resist the urge to look at your phone and dash off a text, maybe you should consider leaving it at home. Audio players/recorders, tablets, laptops, notebooks, Google Glass, or any other computing devices Separate timers of any type Cameras or any other photographic equipment Any devices, including digital watches, that can be used to record, transmit, receive, or play back audio, photographic, text, or video content (with the exception of CD players used for Language with Listening Subject Tests only) Most of these items are prohibited to prevent cheating and make sure you aren't using any device that creates noise and distracts others during the test. Possible Consequences for Rules Violations The consequences for violating any of these rules can vary. Often the consequence will depend on the strictness of your proctor or test center. If you don't have proper ID or your admission ticket, you may not be admitted to the test. If you're caught violating any of the other rules, you can be dismissed from the test and possibly have your score canceled. If your score is canceled, your SAT registration fee won't be reimbursed. In the most extreme cases, the College Board can take legal action if you're caught cheating. Make sure you take your own test, and don't take a test for anybody else. You really don't want to be the next person to get caught up in an SAT cheating scandal. Cheating is bad What's Next? If you're prepared for your SAT, I'm sure that will lessen any temptation to cheat. Learn the 15 tips to improve your SAT score and the 21 SAT tips and tricks to use on the SAT. If you're aiming for a perfect score, learn from a perfect scorer how to get a 1600 on your SAT. Disappointed with your scores? Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

The effect of Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The effect of Globalization - Essay Example The effect of Globalization One of the obvious aspects of global concern that has been profoundly affected by globalization is citizenship; with global interrelationships, it is becoming increasingly hard for nations to maintain their sovereignty in the global system, and  eventually  national citizenship is lost. Nations in the global system are obliged to systems and decisions of mutual interest, and to a certain level, security and wellbeing of the citizenry is never assured. National citizenship is thus affected and determined by external conditions in the global system, and in this regard, entitlements of  national  citizenship  are lost. National citizenship is crucial in the sense that it assures individuals belongingness, a surety that they are protected by their countries in exchange for loyalty to them. In this respect, the state is obliged to secure the rights of their citizenry within their borders, and the citizens have a responsibility to their countries. However, with the rise of global ization, national citizenship is destabilized due to movement towards integration and interconnectedness of nations on an international level. The role of globalization in undermining the citizenship of individuals can be regarded clearly from a socio-economic perspective; the global economic system presents tough conditions of trade that lead to stiff completion between nations. Economic decisions and measures are taken at a global level, and individual nations have no control on the laws governing trade and exchange in the global markets. In this regard, the states cannot protect their citizens against liabilities and risks of losses in the global economy.3 Citizens are on their own in the global markets, and their economic prospective is determined by global forces of trade, with little intervention from the individual’s countries. Largely, domestic economic policies are derived from the global market conditions, and this undermines national sovereignty and national citize nship accordingly. Countries are eventually forced to sacrifice their social-economic goals in favor of global ones, and to this effect, the preference for effective ways of production such as cheap labor directly affects the well fair of citizenship. For instance, in the case of outsourcing for labor, the countries have no power to ensure employment to the citizenry, thus leading to loss of jobs to foreigners and unemployment.4 With the ease of movement and interaction of people and businesses across boundaries, there is an obvious loss of cultural uniformity. Nationhood can no longer be defined in the global system as cultures are easily diffused and  eventually  abandoned all together with a preference for more superior ones. In this respect, globalization undermines the cultural uniformity of individual nations as global norms and ideals override the national ones. There is a move towards the establishment of universal citizenship, one that is one, which by cultural barriers and boarders; this means that national identities are dismantled and lost all together. Citizens can no longer identify with national values and ideals, and in this

Detroit and municipal bankruptcy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Detroit and municipal bankruptcy - Research Paper Example This essay seeks to elaborate on why Detroit should pursue bankruptcy. Detroit filling of bankruptcy can follow the city’s current existing population record. According to the census record taken in 2012, Detroit hosts a population of around 700,000 residents. This number stipulates that the city stand among the highest populated cities in the state of Michigan (Rattner 15). The high population implies that the city requires relatively higher resources compared to other cities to sustain the residents within the area. Filling for bankruptcy suffices as a good course because it enables the city to maximize on the available resources from tax exemption policies within the enacted act’s provision. The unemployment rate in Detroit has elevated to significantly alarming records. Since the year 2000, the unemployment rates have changed tremendously. The high unemployment rate is evident around the metropolitan areas where it has risen by over 10% of the national average. Unemployment rate factor is directly inversed to other factors like the homicide rates within the city considering that Detroit has the highest homicide rate and is among the most dangerous cities in the United States of America. The judicial state within the city raises the significance of filing for bankruptcy. In the year 2014, only 8.5% of cases commenced were solved. This number compared to the 30.5% of the cases solved nationwide indicating that the judicial system requires redress. The security system in Detroit also begs for the filling of bankruptcy. In Detroit city, the response to the police calls averages 56 minutes compared to the 11 minutes nationwide. The faulty security and policing system in Detroit are attributive to the lack of resources. The fire trucks and police trucks conditions neglect is evident in that they are old and cannot work efficiently. Nevertheless, just like other

Theory of the experiment Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Theory of the experiment - Lab Report Example This can be said to be a compromise between the Class A amplifiers and the Class B amplifier topologies. These amplifiers combines the sound quality provided by the class A simplifiers and the efficiency provided by the Class B amplifiers. This is achieved by having both transistors biased to have them conduct a signal close to zero. Figure 1.3 shows a class AB amplifier and its associated input and output waveforms. When small signals are applied, both transistors will be active, making the amplifier to function like a Class A amplifier. When a large signal is applied, only one transistor becomes active. This makes the amplifier to operate like a Class B amplifier. Class AB speaker amplifiers gives a high SNR and a low THD+N. they are also about 65% efficient. These amplifiers are used in making portable media players, tablets, cameras, and so on where high fidelity is required.Class D amplifiersThese amplifiers use PWM (pulse width modulation) to produce a rail to rail output signa l. This signal has a variable duty cycle that is used to approximate the input signal which is analog in nature. These amplifiers are highly efficient and have an efficiency of about 90%. This is so because the output transistors used are fully turned on/off in a normal operating. Use of this approach eliminates the need to use the transistor’s linear region that brings in inefficiency in the other types of amplifiers. Figure 1.4 shows a basic class D amplifier and a possible waveform. Since this class of amplifier has a high efficiency.

The Ferranti Effect

The Ferranti Effect As the length of the line increases specially in extra high voltage (EHV) lines, beyond 200km, we observe a phenomenon called Ferranti Effect in no load or low load conditions. This is due to the fact that as the line length increases the capacitance of the line increases, and the shunt capacitance generates the reactive power in the line. Since there is no load or low load to consume that excessive power, this results in excessive reactive power in the line and hence the receiving end voltage gets higher than the sending end voltage. This rise in voltage may well go beyond the operative ratings of the terminal and hence might give rise to many cascading events damaging the equipments. The continuous increase of the voltage of transmission, line length and number of sub-conductors per bundle has emphasized the importance of the excessive line MVAR in EHV systems as well as associated voltage and reactive controls. During the line charging volt-amperes of the line which have exceeded the inductive VARs consumed and operation at light loads, there is an undesirable voltage rises along the line. This voltage rise in turn demands a much higher insulation level, which poses a great problem. Moreover, if the insulation against these over-voltages were to be provided in the system, then the cost of the line becomes enormous. To overcome this phenomenon, shunt reactors are required to be installed at optimized location to absorb the excessive reactive power. Though this solution has a financial cost, but this is inevitable, since the load is a random variable and the generation of the power cannot be exactly planned for sudden tripping off of the loads. Aims and objectives: The aim of this thesis project is to investigate the Ferranti effect for long length transmission lines using PowerWorld simulations on a radial system. The following are the key objectives covered in this project. Impact by varying Line lengths: Investigate the system behavior regarding Ferranti effect with different transmission line lengths. This was done by investigating the profile of the effect for long length lines and hence distributed models were considered for this analysis. 2-Impact by varying loading levels: Since Ferranti effect is the phenomenon where receiving end voltage (Loads) is lower than sending end, it was important to look into the loading factor by varying the loading levels for different line lengths. 3- Investigation for optimum load levels to avoid effect: A series of experiments were done to find the minimum values of load required for varied line lengths in order to avoid Ferranti Effect and to contain the terminal voltage near 1p.u. 4- Minimum ratings for reactors for compensation: With a varied number of simulations and experiments, the minimum ratings of required reactors have been realized in order to maintain optimized terminal ratings at receiving end. Scope of thesis: This thesis will commence with an overview of the problems encountered with EHV long transmission line. This would be followed up by a literature review that covers the research of useful background theories. The result from the performed simulations will be discussed in detail. Finally, some recommendation for future works in this area of research. Chapter 2. INTRODUCTION TO TXN LINES: The electric lines which are used to carry electric waves are called transmission lines. The transmission line parameters like inductance and capacitance are not separable unlike the lumped circuits. The transmission parameters are distributed all along the length of the transmission line. Hence the method of analyzing the transmission lines is different from analyzing the lumped circuits. In the analysis of the transmission line, only steady state currents and voltages are concerned. The analysis includes the measurement of current and voltages at any length of the line, when a known voltage is applied at one end of the transmission line. The end at which the voltages are applied is called sending end and the end at which the signals are received is called receiving end of the transmission line. 2.1-transmission line parameters: For the analysis and design of transmission lines, it is important to have knowledge of electric circuit parameters, associated with the transmission lines. Various electric parameters associated with the transmission lines are as below, 1-Resistance: Depending upon the cross sectional area of the conductors, the transmission lines has resistance associated with them. The resistance is uniformly distributed all along the transmission line. Its total value depends upon the total length of the transmission line. Hence its value is given per unit length of the transmission line. It is denoted as R and is given in ohms per unit length. 2- Inductance: When the conductors carry the current, the magnetic flux is produced around the conductors. It depends upon the magnitude of the current flowing throw the conductors. The flux linkages per ampere of the current, gives rise to the effect called inductance of the transmission line. It is also distributed all along the length of the transmission line. It is denoted as L and measured in Henry per unit length of the transmission line. 3- Capacitance: The transmission lines consist of two parallel conductors or single line w.r.t earth separated by dielectric like air. Such conductors separated by an insulating dielectric produce a capacitive effect. Due to this, there exists a capacitance associated with the transmission line which is also distributed all along the length of the conductor. It is denoted as C and measured in Farads per unit length of the transmission line. 4- Conductance: The dielectric between the conductors is not perfect. Hence a very small amount of current flows through the dielectric called displacement current. This is nothing but leakage current and this gives rise to the leakage conductance associated with the transmission line. It exists between the conductors and is distributed all along the transmission line. It is denoted as G and measured as mho per unit length of the line. Thus the four important parameters of the transmission line are R, L, C and G. as the current flows from one conductor and complete the path through other conductor, the resistance of both the wires is included when specifying the resistance per unit length of the line. These line parameters are constant and are called the primary constants of the transmission line. Revisit snaps(4-16(1)) 2.2-performance equation of long transmission line: kundar book We can analyze the performance of the line on per phase basis. The relationship between current and voltage along the one phase of the line in terms of distributed parameters can be seen in the FIG below = series impedance per unit length/phase. = shunt admittance per unit length/phase. = length of the line. The voltages and current in the figure are the phasors representing sinusoidal time varying quantities. For a differential section of the line of length at a distance from receiving end, the differential voltage can be given as . hence (2.1) The differential current flowing through shunt admittance can be given as Similarly (2.2) Differentiating eq 1 and 2 yeilds (2.3) and (2.4) Now for the general equation for voltage and current at distance x from receiving end, if the receiving end voltage and current are known, can be given as (2.5) (2.6) Whereas this is called characteristic impedance. and = = this is called propagation constant. The constant and are complex quantities. The real part of propagation constant () is called the attenuation constant , while the imaginary part is called the phase constant . Now the first term in eq.5 increase in magnitude and advances in phase as the distance increases. This term is called incident voltage. While the second term in eq.5 decreases in magnitude and distorts in phase from receiving end towards sending end, this term is called reflected voltage. At any point along the line the voltage is the sum of incident and reflected voltage. The same is true for eq.6 . If a line is terminated at its characteristic impedance , then there is no reflected voltage and the line is called a flat line or infinite line. For a typical power line, G is practically zero and R Zc = = (2.7) = = (2.8) If losses are completely neglected the is a real number and is an imaginary number. Similarly for a lossless line eq.5 and 6 can be simplified as (2.9) (2.10) The voltage and current vary harmonically along the line length. A full cycle of voltage and current along the line length corresponds to 2 radians. If is the phase shift in radians per meter, the wavelength in meters is (2.11) 2.3-Equivalent circuit representation of long transmission line: A line with length more than 160km is considered a long transmission line and the parameters are assumed to be distributed uniformly along the line as a result of which the currents and voltages would vary from point to point. Let us consider the figure below series impedance per unit length shunt admittance per unit length length of the line total series impedance total shunt admittance The elemental equivalent of the above figure can be redrawn as follows. For analysis purpose we take receiving end as reference for measuring the distance. Assume we have an elemental length at the distance of x from the receiving end. If the voltage and current at distance x are and, so at the distance of so the voltage and current becomes + and + respectively. 2.12 By manipulating above equations Similarly 2.13 With above can be written as 2.14 And 2.15 By differentiating eq 2.14 2.16 The solution of eq 2.16 is 2.17 From eq 2.14 and 2.16 2.18 Where is the characteristic impedance and is the propagation constant. Eq 2.17 and 2.18 can be written as 2.19 2.20 If receiving end voltage and current are known then Substituting above values in eq 8 and 9 Again substituting values of A and B in eq 2.19 and 2.20 2.21 2.22 Since and are the voltage and current at any point distance x from receiving end as evident from expression and (magnitude and phase) are functions of distance , receiving end voltage and receiving end current , which means that they vary as we move from receiving end towards sending end. Now the quantities and are complex For a lossless line; When dealing with high frequencies or surges normally the losses are neglected and the characteristic impedance becomes surge impedance. Due to large capacitance and lower inductance in the cables the surge impedance values can be very low. For = = the real part of propagation constant () is called the attenuation constant , while the imaginary part is called the phase constant . Eq 2.11 can be written as 2.23 The first term in the above expression is called incident voltage wave and its value increases as x is increased. Since receiving end is our reference end and as x increases the value of voltage increases meaning the magnitude of voltage decreases as it travel towards the receiving end. Thats why the first part of expression is called incident voltage and the second is called reflected voltage for the similar reason. Same can be said about the current expression as well. Voltage and current expressions can be rearranged as below 2.24 And for current 2.25 For , and 2.26 2.27 The above derived quantities are related by the general equations 2.28 2.29 Where are such that Compairing the coefficients of above expression with eq 2.28 and 2.29 From this it is clear that 2.3.1-Equivalent representation: Considering the same two terminal condition with sending and receiving end voltage and current, the network can be represented as figure below. From the above network we can derive the following expressions 2.30 2.31 By comparing eq 2.30 and 2.31 with eq 2.26 and 2.27 2.32 2.33 2.34 2.35 From eq 2.33 we can derive We can conclude from this that to get the series impedance should be multiplied with . Now to get the shunt arm of equivalent circuit we substitute in eq 2.32 Here is the total shunt admittance. So to get the total shunt arm of the equivalent th eshunt arm of the nominal should be multiplied with , so the equivalent circuit can be drawn as below. 2.3.2 Equivalent representation of long line: A similar derivation of equivalent circuit can be, the equivalent circuit can be represented as Figure below. By analyzing the circuit following expression can be extracted 2.36 2.37 Comparing eq 2.36, 2.37 with 2.26, 2.27. 2.38 2.39 2.40 2.41 Now using eq 2.40 for shunt branch of equivalent circuit we get, Therefore its evident that to get the shunt branch of equivalent circuit, we have to multiply with the shunt branch of nominal circuit. For series impedance eq 2.40 is substituted in eq 2.38, which gives So here we get the factor for multiplication with nominal circuit to get equivalent circuit impedance. And the resultant circuit can be drawn as figure below. 2.4-Fundamental requirements in ac power transmission: Bulk transmission of electrical power by ac in possible only if the following two fundamental requirements are satisfied. Major synchronous machines must remain stable in synchronism: The major synchronous machines in a transmission system are the generators which are incapable of operating usefully other than in synchronism with all the others. And this also is the fundamental of stability. Voltages must be kept near to their rated values: The second main requirement in ac transmission is the maintenance of correct voltage levels. Power systems are not inherently tolerant of abnormal voltages even for short periods. Undervoltage: this is generally associated with heavy loading and/or shortage of generation, causes degradation in the performance of loads. In heavy loaded systems, undervoltage may be an indication that the load is approaching the steady state stability limit. Sudden undervoltages can result from the connection of very large loads. Over voltages: this is a dangerous condition because of the risk of flashover or the breakdown of insulation. Over voltages arise from several causes. The reduction of load during certain parts of the daily load cycle causes a gradual voltage rise. Uncontrolled, this overvoltage would shorten the useful life of insulation even if the breakdown level were not reached. Sudden overvoltage can result from the disconnection of loads or other equipment, while overvoltages of extreme rapidly and severity can be caused by the line switching operation, faults and lightning. In the long transmission line this would limit the power transfer and the transmission distance if no compensating measures were taken. Chapter 3 compensated/uncompensated lines 3.1-Charging current in lines: Despite being able to avoid wire resistance through the use of superconductors in this thought experiment, we cannot eliminate capacitance along the wires lengths. Any pair of conductors separated by an insulating medium creates capacitance between those conductors: (Figure ) Voltage applied between two conductors creates an electric field between those conductors. Energy is stored in this electric field, and this storage of energy results in an opposition to change in voltage. The reaction of a capacitance against changes in voltage is described by the equation i = C(de/dt), which tells us that current will be drawn proportional to the voltages rate of change over time. Thus, when the switch is closed, the capacitance between conductors will react against the sudden voltage increase by charging up and drawing current from the source. According to the equation, an instant rise in applied voltage (as produced by perfect switch closure) gives rise to an infinite charging current. However, the current drawn by a pair of parallel wires will not be infinite, because there exists series impedance along the wires due to inductance. (Figure below) Remember that current through any conductor develops a magnetic field of proportional magnitude. Energy is stored in this magnetic field, (Figure below) and this storage of energy results in an opposition to change in current. Each wire develops a magnetic field as it carries charging current for the capacitance between the wires, and in so doing drops voltage according to the inductance equation e = L(di/dt). This voltage drop limits the voltage rate-of-change across the distributed capacitance, preventing the current from ever reaching an infinite magnitude: Equivalent circuit showing stray capacitance and inductance. The effect of capacitance of an overhead transmission line above 160km long is taken into consideration for all calculations. The effect of the line capacitance is to produce a current called charging current. This current will be in quadrate of the applied voltage. It flows through the line even if the receiving end is open-circuited. The charging current of the open circuit line is referred to as the amount of current flowing into the line from sending end to receiving end where there is no load. In many cases, the total charging current of the line is determined by multiplying the total admittance of the line by the receiving end of the voltage. This would be correct if the entire length of line has the same voltage as that of receiving end voltage. However this method of finding the charging current is sufficiently accurate for most lines. The actual value of the charging current will decrease uniformly from its maximum value at sending end to the minimum value at receiving end. Due to the charging current, there will be power loss in the line even the line is open circuited. 3.2-Surge Impedance Loading (sil pdf) As power flows along a transmission line, there is an electrical phase shift, which increases with distance and with power flow. As this phase shift increases, the system in which the line is embedded can become increasingly unstable during electrical disturbances. Typically, for very long lines, the power flow must be limited to what is commonly called the Surge Impedance Loading (SIL) of the line. (dr) or SIL is defined as the amount of power delivered by a lossless transmission line when terminated by a load resistance equal to surge or characteristics impedance. Surge Impedance Loading is equal to the product of the end bus voltages divided by the characteristic impedance of the line. Since the characteristic impedance of various HV and EHV lines is not dissimilar, the SIL depends approximately on the square of system voltage. A transmission line loaded to its surge impedance loading: (i) Has no net reactive power flow into or out of the line, and (ii) Will have approximately a flat voltage profile along its length. (dr) with load at the receiving end equal to SIL. Volts (3.1) It is clear from the equation that voltage magnitude at any point along the transmission line is constant with the magnitude equal to the receiving end voltage. Also, at SIL the general expression for current can be rewritten as . Amperes (3.2) Using (3.1) and (3.2), the complex power flowing at any point along the transmission line can be calculated as. (3.3) Hence, the amount of real power flowing along a lossless transmission line loaded at SIL is constant as expected. Also, noticed that the reactive power flowing in the line is zero. This point is crucial in understanding the phenomenon called Ferranti effect. When the line is terminated at SIL the net reactive power needed to deliver the real power by keeping the voltage constant is zero. In other words, the reactive power internally produced by shunt capacitance is just sufficient to fulfill reactive power required. However, when the loading conditions change from SIL or moderate loading to light load to heavy load, there will be imbalance in reactive power required to transmit the real power. In the absence of devices to control and compensate for reactive power, situation could result in lack or surplus of reactive power. Hence, create a low or high voltage profile, respectively in the receiving end of the transmission line. Typically, stability limits may determine the maximum allowable power flow on lines that are more than 160 km in length. For very long lines, the power flow limitation may be less than the SIL as shown in Table 0-1. Stability limits on power flow can be as low as 20% of the line thermal limit. Typical stability limits as a function of system voltage are given in table below: 3.3-The uncompensated line on open circuit: tjmiller The lossless line that is energized by the generators at the sending end and is open circuited at the receiving end is described by following equation with . 3.4 And 3.5 Voltage and current at the sending end can be given as 3.6 3.7 and are in phase, which is in consistent , with the fact that there is no power transfer. The phasor diagram shown in the figure. The voltage and current profiles in equation 1 and 2 are more conveniently expressed in terms of . 3.8 Phasor diagram of uncompensated line on open-circuit Voltage and current profile at no load condition. The general form of these profiles shown in fig 3.5 above. For a line 300km in the length at 50Hz, 3600 60 per 100km, so à °Ã‚ Ã…“ ½=6*3=180. Then and based on the SIL. The voltage rise on open circuit is called Ferranti Effect. Although the voltage rise of 5% seems small, the charging current is appreciable and in such a line it must all be supplied by the generator, which is forced to run at leading power factor, for which it must be underexcited. The reactive power absorption capability of a synchronous machine is limited for two main reasons The heating of the ends of the stator core increases during the under excited operation. The reduced field currents results in reduced internal emf of the machine and this weakens the stability. Note that a line for which à °Ã‚ Ã…“ ½=à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ½Ãƒ °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¼=à °Ã‚ Ã…“†¹/2 has a length of ÃŽÂ »/4 (one quarter length wavelength, i.e, 1500km at 50Hz) producing an infinite voltage rise. Operation of any line approaching this length is completely impractical without some means of compensation. In case of the sudden open-circuit of the line at the receiving end, the sending end voltage tends to rise immediately to open-circuit voltage of the sending end generators, which exceeds the terminal voltage by approximately the voltage drop due to the prior current flowing in their short circuit reactances. 3.4-Compensated transmission lines: Reactive power compensation means the application of reactive devices To produce a substantially flat voltage profile at all levels of power transmission. To improve stability by increasing the maximum transmissible power, and/or To supply the reactive power requirements in the most economical way. Ideally the compensation would modify the surge impedance by modifying the capacitive and/or inductive reactances of the line, so as to produce a virtual surge impedance loading that was always equal to the actual power being transmitted. Yet this is not sufficient to ensure the stability of the transmission, which depends also on the electrical line length. The electrical length can itself be modified by the compensation to have a virtual à °Ã‚ Ã…“ ½shorter than the uncompensated value, resulting in an increase in the steady state stability limit This consideration suggests two broad classification scheme, Surge impedance compensation and line length compensation. Line length compensation in particular is associated with series capacitors used in long distance transmission. Another compensation is called compensation by sectioning, which is achieved by connecting constant voltage compensators at intervals along the line. The maximum transmissible power is that of the weakest section but since this is necessarily shorter than the whole line, an increase in maximum power and , therefore , in stability can expected. 3.4.1-Passive and active compensators: Passive compensators include shunt reactors and capacitors and series capacitors. They modify the inductance and capacitance of the line. Apart from the switching, they are uncontrolled and incapable of continuous variation. For example, shunt reactors are used to compensate the line capacitance to limit voltage rise at the light load or no load condition. They increase the virtual surge impedance and reduce the virtual natural load Shunt capacitor may be used to augment the capacitance of the line under heavy loading. They generate reactive power which tend to boost the voltage. They reduce the virtual surge impedance and increase . Series capacitors are used for line length compensation. A measure of surge impedance compensation may be necessary in conjunction with series capacitors, and this may be provided by shunt reactors or by a dynamic compensator. Active compensators are usually shunt connected devices which have the property of tending to maintain a substantially constant voltage at their terminals. They do this by generating or absorbing precisely the required amount of corrective reactive power in response to any small variation of voltage at their point of connection. They are usually capable of continuous variation and rapid response. Active compensators may be applied either for surge impedance compensation or for compensation by sectioning. In compensation they are capable of all the functions performed by fixed shunt reactors and capacitors and have additional advantages of continuous variability with rapid response. Compensation by sectioning is fundamentally different in that it is possible only with active compensators, which must be capable of virtually immediate response to the smallest variation in power transmission or voltage. The table below summarizes the classification of the main type of compensators according to their usual functions. 3.4.2-Shunt compensation: Shunt reactors are used to limit the voltage rise at the light load or no load conditions. On long transmission they may be distributed at intermediate substations in shown in figure below voltage and current profile of shunt compensated system at no load. Consider the simple circuit above in figure, it has a single shunt reactor of reactance at the receiving end and a pure voltage source at the sending end. The receiving end voltage can be given as 3.9 3.10 Equation 7 shows that and are in phase, in keeping with the fact that the real power is zero. For receiving end voltage to be equal to sending end voltage , must be given by 3.11 The sending end current can be given as 3.12 using equation 3.9 and 3.11 3.13 Since , this means that the generator at the sending end behaves exactly like the shunt reactor at the receiving end in that both absorb the same amount of reactive which is evident from equation below. 3.14 Chapter 4 Ferrenti effect 4.1 Ferranti effect: A long transmission line draws a substantial quantity of charging current. If such a line is open circuited or very lightly loaded at the receiving end, the voltage at receiving end may become greater than voltage at sending end. This is known as Ferranti Effect and is due to the voltage drop across the line inductance (due to charging current) being in phase with the sending end voltages. Therefore both capacitance and inductance is responsible to produce this phenomenon. Another way of explaining Ferranti effect is based on net reactive power flow in the line. It is known that if the net reactive power generated in lie is more than the reactive power absorbed, the voltage at that point in the line becomes higher than the normal value and vice versa. The inductive reactance behaves like a sink in the line whereas the shunt capacitance generates the reactive power. If the line loading corresponds to the surge impedance loading, the voltage is same everywhere as reactive power absorbed in the line is equal to the reactive power generated. If the loading is less than SIL, generated power is more than generated power absorbed, therefore, the receiving end voltage is higher than sending end voltage. The capacitance (and charging current) is negligible in short line but significant in medium line and appreciable in long line. Therefore this phenomenon occurs in medium and long lines. Represent line by equivalent model. And the vector diagram can be given as OM = receiving end voltage Vr OC = Current drawn by capacitance = Ic MN = Resistance drop NP = Inductive reactance drop Therefore; OP = Sending end voltage at no load and is less than receiving end voltage (Vr) Since, resistance is small compared to reactance; resistance can be neglected in calculating Ferranti effect. From model, For open circuit, no load, There fore Or Or By neglecting resistance The quantity is constant in all line and is equal to velocity of propagation of electromagnetic waves (= 3 ÃÆ'- 102 km/sec) By substituting the values in the above derived equation And And finally From the above equation So or Receiving end voltage is greater than sending end voltage and this effect is called Ferranti Effect . 5.1, fig 4.10,4.6,4.4,4.2,4.1,3.5,3.4,2.1 Chapter 5 results and discussion Results and discussions: To simulate for my analysis, a radial system in the following figure was modeled as test system. Practical industrial data was acquired from Queensland Electric Commission which follows the Australian standard for conductors and enforces the transmission and distribution company to follow the standards. This acquisition was important to incorporate for more realistic analysis and observe the phenomenon as it is appeared in the real life transmission systems. Conductor types for the simulation were chosen from the provided list